Facilitating dynamically unified system of record in an on-demand services environment

ABSTRACT

In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for facilitating dynamically unified system of record in an on-demand services environment in a multi-tenant environment according to one embodiment. In one embodiment and by way of example, a method includes integrating, by and incorporating into the database system, a plurality of subsystems into a unified system of record (“unified system), where each subsystem is independent of and incompatible with other subsystems of the plurality of subsystems, and collectively managing the plurality of subsystems, where collectively managing includes facilitating common communication within and between and uniform management of the plurality of subsystems based on common communication criteria and unified storage of data associated with the plurality of subsystems.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

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TECHNICAL FIELD

One or more implementations relate generally to data management and,more specifically, to facilitating dynamically unified system of recordin an on-demand services environment.

BACKGROUND

Conventional database systems are designed for single-tenancy. Thesehave been adapted to support multi-tenant solutions by takingsingle-tenant foundational database technologies and layering supportstructures on top of them to enable multi-tenancy. Such systems havefailed to keep pace with the growth of cloud-based computing andespecially multi-tenancy requirements in a cloud-based environment asthese conventional systems require special processing and handling fortransactions that occur within such a multi-tenant tenant environment.Accordingly, such conventional systems inherently lack harmoniousoperations when dealing with multi-tenancy and consequently, theirmanagement and sustenance is expensive, inefficient, and prone to humanerrors.

The subject matter discussed in the background section should not beassumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in thebackground section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the backgroundsection or associated with the subject matter of the background sectionshould not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the priorart. The subject matter in the background section merely representsdifferent approaches.

In conventional database systems, users access their data resources inone logical database. A user of such a conventional system typicallyretrieves data from and stores data on the system using the user's ownsystems. A user system might remotely access one of a plurality ofserver systems that might in turn access the database system. Dataretrieval from the system might include the issuance of a query from theuser system to the database system. The database system might processthe request for information received in the query and send to the usersystem information relevant to the request. The secure and efficientretrieval of accurate information and subsequent delivery of thisinformation to the user system has been and continues to be a goal ofadministrators of database systems. Unfortunately, conventional databaseapproaches are associated with various limitations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer tolike elements. Although the following figures depict various examples,one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted inthe figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system having a computing device employing adynamic unified system of record mechanism according to one embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a dynamic unified system of record mechanismaccording to one embodiment;

FIG. 3A illustrates a unified system of record using the dynamic unifiedsystem of record mechanism of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3B illustrates an extent and its fragments according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 3C illustrates a fragment-ID including a combination of anextent-ID and a fragment-number according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3D illustrates a fragment composition according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3E illustrates correctness checks according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3F illustrates management of data slots at multiple servercomputers according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3G illustrates management of disks at multiple server computersaccording to one embodiment to ensure repair of failures by rapidlycreating additional replicas;

FIG. 4 illustrates a method for facilitating dynamically unified systemof record in a multi-tenant environment according to one embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a computer system according to one embodiment;

FIG. 6 illustrates an environment wherein an on-demand database servicemight be used according to one embodiment; and

FIG. 7 illustrates elements of environment of FIG. 6 and variouspossible interconnections between these elements according to oneembodiment.

SUMMARY

In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms andmethods for facilitating dynamically unified system of record in anon-demand services environment in a multi-tenant environment accordingto one embodiment. In one embodiment and by way of example, a methodincludes integrating, by and incorporating into the database system, aplurality of subsystems into a unified system of record, where eachsubsystem is independent of and incompatible with other subsystems ofthe plurality of subsystems, and collectively managing the plurality ofsubsystems, where collectively managing includes facilitating commoncommunication within and between and uniform management of the pluralityof subsystems based on common communication criteria and unified storageof data associated with the plurality of subsystems.

While the present invention is described with reference to an embodimentin which techniques for facilitating management of data in an on-demandservices environment are implemented in a system having an applicationserver providing a front end for an on-demand database service capableof supporting multiple tenants, the present invention is not limited tomulti-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers.Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e.,ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope ofthe embodiments claimed.

Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with oneanother in any combination. Inventions encompassed within thisspecification may also include embodiments that are only partiallymentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all inthis brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments ofthe invention may have been motivated by various deficiencies with theprior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places inthe specification, the embodiments of the invention do not necessarilyaddress any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodimentsof the invention may address different deficiencies that may bediscussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partiallyaddress some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussedin the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of thesedeficiencies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Methods and systems are provided for facilitating dynamically unifiedsystem of record in an on-demand services environment in a multi-tenantenvironment according to one embodiment.

Embodiments provide for a unified system of record (also referred to as“unified system”, “unified system-of-record”, “unified SOR”, “integratedsystem of record”, “integrated system”, or the like) for integrating anynumber and type of subsystems into the unified system of record based onsimplified manageability and offering robustness over conventionalsystems. A subsystem may refer to functionalities that are presented tousers that need to store data, where a user represents an organizationor tenant in a multi-tenant system that is hosted and/or facilitated bya service provider (e.g., Salesforce® or Salesforce.com®). Thesubsystems will be further illustrated and described with reference tothe subsequent figures. The unified system that is capable ofintegrating any number and type of subsystems is further configured toprovide a unified management of and communication within and between theintegrated subsystems such that any amount and type of customer/userdata associated with these subsystems is managed with utmost care andparamount attention. Stated differently, embodiments provide a unifiedsystem of record that is qualified along with providing sufficientsafety and protection to serve as a singular system where dataassociated with any number and type of subsystems is recorded andmaintained.

With the increasing number and use of subsystems, such as in amulti-tenant environment, operations and manageability gets increasinglydifficult and expensive as large amount and various types of data isadded, modified, and/or deleted within these systems and progressivelysophisticated tasks are expected to be performed at faster speeds andwith high accuracy. Embodiments provide for a unified system to providea better performance, higher trust, and superior scale, such as usingenterprise-class and web-class as standards, embodiments offer aperformance that is better than enterprise-class performance overcommodity components, a trust that is better than enterprise-classtrust, and a class that is superior than web-class scale. Embodimentsfurther provide for and maintain any number of other standards, such asprivacy (e.g., customers unable to see other customers' data),availability (e.g., during planned and unplanned power outages),performance (e.g., predictable performance), transparency (e.g.,disclosing the truth), and prevention of data loss (e.g., no loss of orcorrupt data), etc.

In one embodiment, any number and type of subsystems needing storage areintegrated into a single unified system of record. This supportssubsystems that may be independent of or incompatible with othersubsystems to be dynamically managed via the single unified system. Forexample and in one embodiment, the subsystem may be offered andefficiently managed using one or more of a unified storage, a unifiedmanagement system (e.g., backups, high availability application servers,etc.), web scale, commodity-based cost, etc. Similarly, for example andin one embodiment, common communication criteria may be provided tofacilitate uniform and seamless communication between the varioussubsystems despite being independent of and incompatible with eachother. Embodiments further provide for facilitating efficient managementand uniform communication within the uniform system of record using oneor more features or components, such as one or more of extents,fragments, catalog, store, vault, pump, etc.

It is contemplated that embodiments and their implementations are notmerely limited to multi-tenant database system (“MTDBS”) and can be usedin other environment, such as a client-server system, a mobile device, apersonal computer (“PC”), a web services environment, etc. However, forthe sake of brevity and clarity, throughout this document, embodimentsare described with respect to a multi-tenant database system, such asSalesforce.com®, which is to be regarded as an example of an on-demandservices environment. Other on-demand services environments includeSalesforce® Exact Target Marketing Cloud™.

As used herein, a term multi-tenant database system refers to thosesystems in which various elements of hardware and software of thedatabase system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, agiven application server may simultaneously process requests for a greatnumber of customers, and a given database table may store rows for apotentially much greater number of customers. As used herein, the termquery plan refers to a set of steps used to access information in adatabase system.

Embodiments are described with reference to an embodiment in whichtechniques for facilitating management of data in an on-demand servicesenvironment are implemented in a system having an application serverproviding a front end for an on-demand database service capable ofsupporting multiple tenants, embodiments are not limited to multi-tenantdatabases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may bepracticed using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBMand the like without departing from the scope of the embodimentsclaimed.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 having a computing device 120 employinga dynamic unified system of record mechanism 110 according to oneembodiment. In one embodiment, computing device 120 includes a hostserver computer serving a host machine for employing dynamichierarchical queue resource allocation mechanism (“unified mechanism”)110 for facilitating elastic allocation of message queue resources totenants in a multi-tiered, multi-tenant, on-demand services environment.

It is to be noted that terms like terms like “input”, “queue message”,“job”, “query”, “request”, and “message” may be referencedinterchangeably and similarly, corresponding terms like “input type”,“query message type”, “job type”, “query type”, “request type”, and“message type” may be referenced interchangeably throughout thisdocument. It is to be further noted that messages may be associated withone or more message types which may relate to or be associated with oneor more customer organizations, such as customer organizations121A-121N, where, as aforementioned, throughout this document, “customerorganizations” may be referred to as “tenants”, “customers”, or simply“organizations”. An organization, for example, may include or refer to(without limitation) a business (e.g., small business, big business,etc.), a company, a corporation, a non-profit entity, an institution(e.g., educational institution), an agency (e.g., government agency),etc.), etc., serving as a customer or client of host organization 101(also referred to as “service provider” or simply “host”) (e.g.,Salesforce®) serving as a host of hierarchical mechanism 110.

Similarly, the term “user” may refer to a system user, such as (withoutlimitation) a software/application developer, a system administrator, adatabase administrator, an information technology professional, aprogram manager, product manager, etc. The term “user” may further referto an end-user, such as (without limitation) one or more of customerorganizations 121A-N and/or their representatives (e.g., individuals orgroups working on behalf of one or more of customer organizations121A-N), such as a salesperson, a sales manager, a product manager, anaccountant, a director, an owner, a president, a system administrator, acomputer programmer, an information technology (“IT”) representative,etc.

Computing device 100 may include (without limitation) server computers(e.g., cloud server computers, etc.), desktop computers, cluster-basedcomputers, set-top boxes (e.g., Internet-based cable television set-topboxes, etc.), etc. Computing device 100 includes an operating system(“OS”) 106 serving as an interface between one or more hardware/physicalresources of computing device 100 and one or more client devices130A-130N, etc. Computing device 100 further includes processor(s) 102,memory 104, input/output (“I/O”) sources 108, such as touchscreens,touch panels, touch pads, virtual or regular keyboards, virtual orregular mice, etc.

In one embodiment, host organization 101 may further employ a productionenvironment that is communicably interfaced with client devices 130A-Nthrough host organization 101. Client devices 130A-N may include(without limitation) customer organization-based server computers,desktop computers, laptop computers, mobile computing devices, such assmartphones, tablet computers, personal digital assistants, e-readers,media Internet devices, smart televisions, television platforms,wearable devices (e.g., glasses, watches, bracelets, smartcards,jewelry, clothing items, etc.), media players, global positioningsystem-based navigation systems, cable setup boxes, etc.

In one embodiment, the illustrated multi-tenant database system 150includes database(s) 140 to store (without limitation) information,relational tables, datasets, and underlying database records havingtenant and user data therein on behalf of customer organizations 121A-N(e.g., tenants of multi-tenant database system 150 or their affiliatedusers). In alternative embodiments, a client-server computingarchitecture may be utilized in place of multi-tenant database system150, or alternatively, a computing grid, or a pool of work servers, orsome combination of hosted computing architectures may be utilized tocarry out the computational workload and processing that is expected ofhost organization 101.

The illustrated multi-tenant database system 150 is shown to include oneor more of underlying hardware, software, and logic elements 145 thatimplement, for example, database functionality and a code executionenvironment within host organization 101. In accordance with oneembodiment, multi-tenant database system 150 further implementsdatabases 140 to service database queries and other data interactionswith the databases 140. In one embodiment, hardware, software, and logicelements 145 of multi-tenant database system 130 and its other elements,such as a distributed file store, a query interface, etc., may beseparate and distinct from customer organizations (121A-121N) whichutilize the services provided by host organization 101 by communicablyinterfacing with host organization 101 via network(s) 135 (e.g., cloudnetwork, the Internet, etc.). In such a way, host organization 101 mayimplement on-demand services, on-demand database services, cloudcomputing services, etc., to subscribing customer organizations121A-121N.

In some embodiments, host organization 101 receives input and otherrequests from a plurality of customer organizations 121A-N over one ormore networks 135; for example, incoming search queries, databasequeries, application programming interface (“API”) requests,interactions with displayed graphical user interfaces and displays atclient devices 130A-N, or other inputs may be received from customerorganizations 121A-N to be processed against multi-tenant databasesystem 150 as queries via a query interface and stored at a distributedfile store, pursuant to which results are then returned to an originatoror requestor, such as a user of client devices 130A-N at any of customerorganizations 121A-N.

As aforementioned, in one embodiment, each customer organization 121A-Nis an entity selected from a group consisting of a separate and distinctremote organization, an organizational group within host organization101, a business partner of host organization 101, a customerorganization 121A-N that subscribes to cloud computing services providedby host organization 101, etc.

In one embodiment, requests are received at, or submitted to, a webserver within host organization 101. Host organization 101 may receive avariety of requests for processing by host organization 101 and itsmulti-tenant database system 150. For example, incoming requestsreceived at the web server may specify which services from hostorganization 101 are to be provided, such as query requests, searchrequest, status requests, database transactions, graphical userinterface requests and interactions, processing requests to retrieve,update, or store data on behalf of one of customer organizations 121A-N,code execution requests, and so forth. Further, the web-server at hostorganization 101 may be responsible for receiving requests from variouscustomer organizations 121A-N via network(s) 135 on behalf of the queryinterface and for providing a web-based interface or other graphicaldisplays to one or more end-user client devices 130A-N or machinesoriginating such data requests.

Further, host organization 101 may implement a request interface via theweb server or as a stand-alone interface to receive requests packets orother requests from the client devices 130A-N. The request interface mayfurther support the return of response packets or other replies andresponses in an outgoing direction from host organization 101 to one ormore client devices 130A-N.

It is to be noted that any references to software codes, data and/ormetadata (e.g., Customer Relationship Model (“CRM”) data and/ormetadata, etc.), tables (e.g., custom object table, unified indextables, description tables, etc.), computing devices (e.g., servercomputers, desktop computers, mobile computers, such as tabletcomputers, smartphones, etc.), software development languages,applications, and/or development tools or kits (e.g., Force.com®,Force.com Apex™ code, JavaScript™, jQuery™, Developerforce™,Visualforce™, Service Cloud Console Integration Toolkit™ (“IntegrationToolkit” or “Toolkit”), Platform on a Service™ (“PaaS”), Chatter®Groups, Sprint Planner®, MS Project®, etc.), domains (e.g., Google®,Facebook®, LinkedIn®, Skype®, etc.), etc., discussed in this documentare merely used as examples for brevity, clarity, and ease ofunderstanding and that embodiments are not limited to any particularnumber or type of data, metadata, tables, computing devices, techniques,programming languages, software applications, software developmenttools/kits, etc.

It is to be noted that terms like “node”, “computing node”, “server”,“server device”, “cloud computer”, “cloud server”, “cloud servercomputer”, “machine”, “host machine”, “device”, “computing device”,“computer”, “computing system”, “multi-tenant on-demand data system”,and the like, may be used interchangeably throughout this document. Itis to be further noted that terms like “code”, “software code”,“application”, “software application”, “program”, “software program”,“package”, “software code”, “code”, and “software package” may be usedinterchangeably throughout this document.

FIG. 2 illustrates a dynamic unified system of record mechanism 110according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, unified mechanism 110may include a number of components, such as (without limitation and notnecessarily in this order): request/query logic 201; authenticationlogic 203; communication/access logic 205; and compatibility logic 207.Unified mechanism 110 may include additional components, such as(without limitation and not necessarily in this order):detection/monitoring logic 211; evaluation/selection logic 213; systemsintegration logic (“integration logic”) 215; unified storagemanagement/communication engine (“unified engine”) 217 including unifiedcatalog logic (“catalog logic”) 219, unified storage logic (“storagelogic”) 221, unified vault logic (“vault logic”) 223, and unified pumplogic (“pump logic”) 225; extent/fragment logic 227 includingextent/fragment generation module (“generation module”) 229,extent/fragment allocation module (“allocation module”) 231, andredundancy check module 233; latency reduction logic 235; and placementand mapping logic 237.

Throughout this document, terms like “framework”, “mechanism”, “engine”,“logic”, “component”, “module”, “tool”, and “builder” may be referencedinterchangeably and include, by way of example, software, hardware,and/or any combination of software and hardware, such as firmware.Further, any use of a particular brand, word, or term, such as “unified”or “integrated”, “subsystem”, “database”, “catalog” or “cataloging”,“store” or “storage”, “vault” or “vaulting”, “pump” or “pumping”,“extent”, “fragment”, “allocation”, “registry”, etc., should not be readto limit embodiments to software or devices that carry that label inproducts or in literature external to this document.

As aforementioned, with respect to FIG. 1, any number and type ofrequests and/or queries may be received at or submitted to request/querylogic 201 for processing. For example, incoming requests may specifywhich services from computing device 120 are to be provided, such asquery requests, search request, status requests, database transactions,graphical user interface requests and interactions, processing requeststo retrieve, update, or store data, etc., on behalf of one or moreclient devices 130A-N, code execution requests, and so forth.

In one embodiment, computing device 120 may implement request/querylogic 201 to serve as a request/query interface via a web server or as astand-alone interface to receive requests packets or other requests fromthe client devices 130A-N. The request interface may further support thereturn of response packets or other replies and responses in an outgoingdirection from computing device 120 to one or more client devices130A-N.

Similarly, request/query logic 201 may serve as a query interface toprovide additional functionalities to pass queries from, for example, aweb service into the multi-tenant database system for execution againstdatabase(s) 140 and retrieval of customer data and stored recordswithout the involvement of the multi-tenant database system or forprocessing search queries via the multi-tenant database system, as wellas for the retrieval and processing of data maintained by otheravailable data stores of the host organization's production environment.Further, authentication logic 203 may operate on behalf of the hostorganization, via computing device 120, to verify, authenticate, andauthorize, user credentials associated with users attempting to gainaccess to the host organization via one or more client devices 130A-N.

In one embodiment, communication/access logic 205 is used to facilitatecommunication not only between various components of unified mechanism110, but also between other components, services, software developmenttools, databases, data processing devices, application servers,architectures, platforms, etc. For example, communication/access logic205 may facilitate communication between computing device 120 andcomputing device(s) 130A-N over network(s) 135 and similarly, with andbetween database(s) 140, etc. Further, for example, communication/accesslogic 205 may work with other components, such as request/query logic201, authentication logic 203, etc., to assist their tasks.Compatibility logic 207 may facilitate the ability to dynamicallycommunicate and stay configured with any number and type ofsoftware/application developing tools, models, data processing servers,database platforms and architectures, programming languages and theircorresponding platforms, etc., while ensuring compatibility withchanging technologies, parameters, protocols, standards, etc.

In one embodiment, computing device 120 may include a server computerwhich may be further in communication with one or more databases orstorage repositories, such as database(s) 140, which may be locatedlocally or remotely over one or more networks, such as network(s) 235(e.g., cloud network, Internet, proximity network, intranet, Internet ofThings (“IoT”), Cloud of Things (“CoT”), etc.). Computing device 100 isfurther shown to be in communication with any number and type of othercomputing devices, such as client computing device(s) 130A-N, over oneor more networks, such as network(s) 140.

As aforementioned, embodiments provide for an integration of any numberand type of subsystems (e.g., database systems, platforms, relationaldatabases, etc.) that are independent of and/or incompatible with eachother into a single unified system of record which is managed andoperated in a unified manner by providing unified forms tasks, such asunified management, unified communication, unified storage, etc. It iscontemplated and to be noted that these subsystem that are integratedinto a single unified system are independent of and incompatible witheach other such that they may be incapable of communicating and workingwith each other outside of embodiments of this unified system of record.For example, these various subsystems that are integrated into a singleunified system, according to one embodiment, may include (withoutlimitation) Salesforce® FileForce™, Salesforce® File™, Google®Analytics™, Brightcove™ Dynamic Ingest (“DI”) application programminginterface (“API”), Apache™ HBase™, Apache™ Hadoop™, Apache™ Solr™,Cisco® secure Access Control Server (“ACS”), etc. Further, for exampleand in one embodiment, one or more subsystems may include one or morerelational databases such that the unified system is capable ofintegrating, supporting, and managing relational databases along withother integrated subsystems.

It is further contemplated that embodiments are not limited to anyparticular number or type of subsystem, such as embodiments are notlimited to merely those subsystems that independent or incompatible ofeach other and thus, it is to be noted that in some embodiments, forexample, two or more subsystem within the unified system may becompatible and/or capable of communicating with each other. For example,using the exemplary list above, in a unified system, Apache HBase™ andSolr™ may be compatible and capable of communicating with each other or,in some cases, even dependent on each other; however, the same twosystems, such as HBase™ and Solr™, may be independent of andincompatible with other subsystems, such as Analytics™, DI API™, etc. Aswill be described further in this document, in one embodiment, theunified system provides for a unified and seamless management andcommunication of any number and type of integratedincompatible/independent subsystems within the unified system.

In one embodiment, detection/monitor logic 211 may be used to firstdetect any number and type of subsystems that may be regarded ascandidates to be potentially integrated with each other to form aunified system or other subsystems that are already part of an existingunified system. For example, in some embodiments, request for a newsubsystem may be placed with request/query logic 201 which may then beforwarded on to authentication logic 203 to perform any number and typeof authentication processes for verification purposes, such as confirmbasic identification of the subsystem, subsystem proprietor or serviceprovider, any system administrators associated with the subsystem, etc.,as previously mentioned.

Referring back to detection/monitor logic 211, upon authentication byauthentication logic 203, the candidate subsystem may be detected bydetection/monitor logic 211 and any information relating to thecandidate subsystem may then be forwarded on to evaluation/selectionlogic 213 for further processing. In one embodiment,evaluation/selection logic 213 may be used to evaluate the informationreceived from detection/monitor logic 211 to determine whether thesubsystem is suited or befitting to be part of the unified system. Forexample and in one embodiment, evaluation/selection logic 213 may usepredetermined selection criteria to evaluate the candidacy of thesubsystem and decide whether it is to be selected to be part of theunified system. For example, the predetermined criteria may include oneor more factors, minimum/maximum requirements, etc., such as speed ortype of the subsystem, amount or nature of data associated with thesubsystem, etc.), and/or the like, that may need to be satisfied beforethe subsystem may be considered or selected to be part of the unifiedsystem. In one embodiment, the candidate subsystem may be selected to beintegrated with the unified system or, in another embodiment, rejectedfrom doing so based on, for example, the predetermined criteria.

Upon selection of the subsystem by evaluation/selection logic 213, thisdecision may then be forwarded on to integration logic 215 for furtherprocessing. In one embodiment, integration logic 215 may then integratethe subsystem into the unified system. In one embodiment, integrationlogic 215 may generate a new unified system where the candidatesubsystem may be one of several subsystems to be integrated intocreating the new unified system. In another embodiment, the unifiedsystem may already be existence and performing its tasks such that inthis case, this subsystem may be added to or integrated with the pool ofother already existing subsystems of the existing unified system asfacilitated by integration logic 215.

In one embodiment, being one of the subsystems of the unified mechanism,the subsystem along with other subsystems may perform their tasksdespite being incompatible with and/or independent of each other. In oneembodiment, this unified management and seamless communication withinthe unified system is facilitated and performed using unified engine 217and its various components, such as components.

In one embodiment, as further described and illustrated with referenceto FIG. 3A, the subsystems and their contents (e.g., data, metadata,etc.) may be cataloged into a unified catalog, such as unified catalog313 of FIG. 3A, using catalog logic 219. For example, as will be furtherdescribed in this document, unified catalog may be used to maintain andpreserve identities of extents, such as extent 323 of FIG. 3A, which maybe uniquely assigned or allocated a named with a globally uniqueidentifier (“GUID”) (e.g., extent-ID) by the unified catalog. Further,the unified catalog may be used to understand and identify naming systemfor each subsystem and their subsystems, such as subsystems 321A-E ofFIG. 3A. For example, the unified catalog may be used to manage andperform any number and type of tasks, such as managing one or more ofdata recovery for subsystems, unified vault, splits, migrations, andcapacity changes, etc., as well as one or more of physical servercomputers, disks, data capacities, etc. Similarly, the unified catalogmay be further used for directing copying or duplicating of data for anynumber of operation needs.

Continuing with unified engine 217, in one embodiment, storage logic 221may be used to facilitate a unified storage, such as unified store 331of FIG. 3A, to store and maintain data, metadata, etc., relating to eachof the subsystems of the unified system of record. For example, theunified store may be used to maintain fragments that are containedwithin extents in a cluster of servers, such as application servers.Further, for example, the unified store may automatically support highavailability and load distribution per pod per datacenter. As will befurther described and illustrated with reference to FIG. 3A, in oneembodiment, while the unified catalog may hold and maintain consistentmetadata that describes extent-IDs to use, the unified store may holdand maintain fragments contained within their corresponding extents thatare described the unified catalog.

Moreover, in some embodiments, the unified store, as facilitated bystore logic 221, may store and maintain immutable data of a wide range,such as (without limitation) user files, application blobs, key-valuelogging, key-value Log Structured Merge (“LSM”) data extents, and bigdata analytics, etc. For example, using aforementioned examples ofsubsystems, these data/metadata may include blobs by reference or insiderelational database using FireForce™, big analytics data sets usingAnalytics™, user files and directories in cloud using Files™, user filesand buckets and user uploads/downloads using DI API, key-value data andhigh performance key value using HBase™, and/or the like.

In one embodiment, unified engine 217 further includes vault logic 223to provide and facilitate the user of a unified vault, such as unifiedvault to automatically and dynamically retain any amount and type ofdata and/or metadata relating to each of the subsystems of the unifiedsystem for any amount or period of time (e.g., 90 days, 30 days, 1 year,etc.) after its deletion. It is contemplated that embodiments are notlimited to any particular period of time and that 90 days or any otherperiod of time is merely used as an example for brevity and ease ofunderstanding. Further, in one embodiment, the period of time may bedynamically changed based on real-time and/or historical informationand/or as predetermined by a system administrator based on the samereal-time/historical information and/or as desired or necessitated andas such, in one embodiment, the unified vault may be different from theunified store.

Further, in one embodiment, pump logic 225 may provide and facilitatethe user of a unified pump to perform any number of tasks as, forexample, directed by one or more of other components, such as theunified catalog. For example and in one embodiment, as directed by theunified catalog, the keystone pump may efficiently copy extents bothfrom within and across datacenters.

Continuing with unified engine 217, it further includes extent/fragmentlogic 227 having generation module 229 and allocation module 231. In oneembodiment, an extent may be uniquely named with a GUID (e.g.,extent-ID) as allocated by the unified catalog. Further, for example, anextent may be used to define and include a bunch of fragments, where theextent is written by a single process in a service provider's subsystem,such as a Salesforce® subsystem. In some embodiments, an extent may begenerated, via generation module 229, by seeking a corresponding GUIDfrom the unified catalog; written by writing, via a single process, asequence of fragments to the unified store; and sealed by informing theunified catalog that the extent and its fragments have been written.Further, each extent may be replicated on and over a number of servercomputers of the unified store, such as replicated three times on threedifferent unified store servers.

In one embodiment, each extent may have and/or hold one or morefragments, where each fragment may represent an atomic unit of read andwrite to/from the unified store and have a variable length (e.g., withina maximum limit, such as 1 MB). As with extents, using generation module229, a fragment may be generated and named with a fragment-ID having thecorresponding extent ID and a fragment number (e.g., 32-bit-FragNum,etc.). Fragments may be protected from any corruption by redundancy andverification checks as facilitated by redundancy check module 233 usingany number and type of redundancy check techniques, such as cyclicredundancy check (“CRC”). To provide further protection, a fragment maynot be allowed to be read until the check is performed as will befurther described with reference to FIG. 3E.

It is contemplated that the unified catalog, unified store, unifiedvault, extents, fragments, etc., may be stored in any manner (e.g.,tables, lists, maps, etc.) at any number or type of locations, such asdatabase(s) 140, as will be further described with reference to FIG. 3A.For example and in one embodiment, the unified catalog may be built onand maintained at one or more application servers of multi-tenantdatabase system 150 of FIG. 1 and similarly, the state of extents may bekept and maintained using one or more tables (e.g., structured querylanguage (“SQL”) tables, etc.) while the state of the storage serversmaintaining the unified store, disks, data layout, etc., may be kept andmaintained using a special-purpose programming language, such as SQL. Insome embodiments, the relevant application servers, such as those havingthe unified catalog, may possess a code to process any number and typeof request relating to the unified catalog. Further, for example, asingle storage server may hold and maintain any number and type ofdisks, such as 4 TB hard disk drives (HDDs), 750 GB solid-state drive(SSDs), etc., where a pod may have and maintain any number and type ofstorage nodes, such as tens to hundreds of storage nodes.

In one embodiment, redundancy check module 233 may be used to performredundancy checks on fragments, such as fragments 325 of FIG. 3B, tocheck for and verify fragment reads and writes associated with thefragments contained within one or more extents. As further illustratedwith reference to FIG. 3E, for example and in one embodiment, when afragment arrives to be written in an extent, its check is performedbeforehand using, for example, CRC as facilitated by redundancy checkmodule 233 and as a successful write is acknowledged, the replica isregarded as a good fragment which ensures that the application has, forexample, 3 good writes corresponding to the three replicas. Asaforementioned, embodiments are not limited to a particular number ofwrites or replicas, etc.

In one embodiment, using latency reduction logic 235, a response with afewer writes (e.g., 2 writes, etc.) than the number of issued writes(e.g., 3 writes, etc.) may be used to achieve reduction in latency. Inother words, in one embodiment, any delay or latency relating to servers(e.g., replica servers) may be reduced by issuing 3 writes and waitingonly for 2 writes before giving a response. It is contemplated thatembodiments are not limited to any particular number of writes, but forbrevity and simplicity, 3 writes is used to correspond with 3 replicasor replica servers and thus a response of 2 writes (which is less than 3writes) is shown be accepted and considered sufficient for issuing aresponse to efficiently reduce latency. For example, in a multi-tenantdistributed system having storage on multiple computing servers, theknowledge choice may come down to either where to write the replicas ofthe data or when the replicas are to be written. Typically, data iswritten on three servers and thus, a committed or dedicated write istypically regarded as the one that is durable on three servers.

In one embodiment, as is further described and illustrated withreference to FIG. 3F, placement and mapping logic 237 may be used tofacilitate the unified catalog to define, create, place, and map thevarious slots at various server computers. For example, slot-maps may becreated and assigned a number by the unified catalog, as facilitated byplacement and mapping logic 237, where the number includes anepoch-number (or simply “epoch”), etc. Further, churn and data movementmay be planned by the centralized unified catalog as facilitated byplacement and mapping logic 237. Further as described and illustratedwith reference to FIG. 3G, for example and in one embodiment, placementand mapping logic 237 may be used to strategically place and map anynumber and type of disks holding data/metadata at multiple servercomputers of the unified store, such as unified store 305 of FIG. 3A.

It is contemplated that when writing to three prescribed locations(e.g., servers), delay or latency is to be expected, but as it turns outalthough most servers have a good average response time, but theoccasional delays caused by them can be quite onerous. For example, atypical server written in Java® may have a 2 ms response time averagewith 1/1000th of the requests taking 200-300 ms and thus, in oneembodiment, requiring merely 2 requests out of the expected 3 tocomplete when doing the work, this very pernicious problem (assuming,for example, the delays are uncorrelated) can be rather easily setaside.

In one embodiment, when dealing with uncorrelated (as opposed tocorrelated) stalls of replicas, when 2 replicas are durable and a thirdone is being actively created that meets the data availability, a logwrite may launch three writes and response commit to the user whenmerely 2 of the 3 writes have confirmed that they are durable. Thus,durability goals may be met when this technique is combined with anactive entry for the third replica (and a replica repair after a crash).In another embodiment, if one or more of the writes to the preferredreplicas stall and are not confirmed, other or different servers may becontinuously tried until one is found and the task is satisfied. Ifmanaged correctly, any statistically tight service-level agreement(“SLA”) may be kept while, sometimes, landing the writes in auxiliaryreplicas.

Are you capturing the notion of great latency via issuing 3 writes andwaiting only for 2 before giving a response? It turns out that mostservers have good average response time but cause occasional delays thatcan be quite onerous. For example, a typical server written in Java mayhave a 2 ms response time average with 1/1000th of the requests taking200-300 ms. By only requiring 2 requests out of 3 to complete when doingyour work, you can side-step this very pernicious problem (assuming thedelays are uncorrelated).

Embodiments provide for immutable fragments with, for example, CRC(e.g., CRC-64) to ensure only good data (with correct ID) is located,while extents and fragments allow for sequential performance andefficient metadata. It is contemplated recovery oriented computingemphasizes quick repair for availability, and the embodiment allows forimplementation using commodity hardware. The unified system of record asfacilitated by unified mechanism 110 provides for high-levelcorrectness, robustness, and performance. For example, correctness maybe achieved by using CRC-64 error detection to make it virtuallyimpossible to get bad reads (e.g., 1 undetected corruption per 7trillion years at 1 million reads/sec from SSD, etc.), robustness may beprovided via triple replication with lazy movement of fragments toensure availability, and performance may be achieved by caching of theseimmutable fragments using plenty of inexpensive SSDs for log writes,random reads, etc.

It is contemplated that any number and type of components may be addedto and/or removed from unified mechanism 110 to facilitate variousembodiments including adding, removing, and/or enhancing certainfeatures. It is contemplated that embodiments are not limited to anyparticular technology, topology, system, architecture, and/or standardand are dynamic enough to adopt and adapt to any future changes.

FIG. 3A illustrates a unified system of record 300 using the dynamicunified system of record mechanism 110 of FIG. 2 according to oneembodiment. It is to be noted that for brevity, clarity, and ease ofunderstanding, many of the components and processes described withrespect to FIGS. 1-2 may not be repeated or discussed hereafter. In theillustrated embodiment, as discussed with reference to FIG. 2, anynumber and type of subsystems 311A-E have been integrated and unifiedinto unified system 300. As is further illustrated, in first tier 301,these integrated subsystems 311A-E are unified and collectively managedusing one or more unifying techniques of FIG. 2, such as unified catalog313. In on embodiment, unified catalog 313 facilitates consistency inmanagement and seamlessly perform any number and type of tasks tocontinue to maintain collective and consistence management of dataand/or metadata of subsystems 311A-E, where such tasks may include(without limitation) capturing data identity relating to subsystems321A-E and managing one or more of data/metadata in terms ofreplication, backup, restoration, split, migration, etc.

In one embodiment, subsystems 311A-E of first tier 301 are the same assubsystems 321A-E of second tier 303. For example and in one embodiment,subsystems 311A-E are integrated a single unified system 300 and thesesubsystems 311A-E are then cataloged, via unified catalog 313, into thecataloged subsystems 321A-E. Accordingly, it is to be contemplated thatalthough subsystems 311A-E and 321A-E may be the same in terms of theircharacteristics, their contents, etc., but they are referenced and shownseparately here to illustrate a distinction between the pre-catalogsubsystems 311A-E of first tier 301 and the post-catalog subsystems321A-E of second tier 303. Further, for example and in one embodiment,subsystem 311E, 321E may include a relational database so unified system300 is capable of supporting and managing relational databases alongwith other subsystems 311A-D, 321A-D.

As illustrated, in one embodiment, seamless and harmonious communicationbetween various components, such as subsystems 311A-E, subsystems321A-E, unified store 331, etc., of unified system 300 via one or morecommunication techniques based on, for example, extents and theirfragments, such as extent 325 and its fragments 323. As previouslydiscussed with reference to FIG. 2, a single writer process may beprovided per extent 325 to provide immutable extents and/or fragments,such as extent 325 and fragments 323. Further, extent 325 provides foran extensible extent format and various read-only extent-IDs and/orfragment-IDs may be used as extracted or obtained from unified catalog313. As illustrated, in one embodiment, the integrated system records311A-E are shown to be in communication with their correspondingsubsystems 321A-E using, for example, a consistent and unified namingsystem, etc., via unified catalog 313 at first tier 301 and extent 325and fragments 323 at second tier 303 (such as communicating extent-ID,fragment-ID, etc., by unified catalog 313, etc.) and further down tounified store 331 at third tier 305, as illustrated by arrows.

At third tier 305, in one embodiment, a scalable and highly-availablefragment unified store 331 is provided, where seamless communicationbetween various storage units at unified store 312 and components atother tiers 301, 303 is facilitated via, for example, read-onlyextent-IDs and fragment-IDs, etc. As previously discussed, CRC (e.g.,CRC-64) checks may be performed on fragments, fragment-IDs, etc. It iscontemplated and to be noted that embodiments are not limited to anyparticular number or type of subsystems 311A-E, subsystems 321A-E,extent 325, fragments 323, unified catalog 313, unified store 331, etc.For example, merely one extent 323 having four fragments 325 is shown,but embodiments are not limited as such and that any number and type ofextents containing any number and type of fragments may be employedalong with any number and type of subsystems, etc.

FIG. 3B illustrates an extent 323 and its fragments 325 according to oneembodiment. It is to be noted that for brevity, clarity, and ease ofunderstanding, many of the components and processes described withrespect to FIGS. 1-2 may not be repeated or discussed hereafter. Asillustrated, in one embodiment, any number of extents, such as extent323, may be employed and used along with being uniquely named, such aswith a GUID (e.g., extent-IDs) as allocated by unified catalog, such asunified catalog 313 of FIG. 3A. As described with reference to FIG. 2,extent 323 may be created (e.g., asking the unified catalog for a GUID),written (e.g., writing a sequence of fragments, such as fragments 325,to the unified store, such as unified store 331 of FIG. 3A), and sealed(e.g., informing the unified catalog that extent 323 and its fragments325 are written). Further, extent 323 may be replicated together to thesame store servers, such as at unified store 331 of FIG. 3A.

In the illustrated embodiment, fragments 325 are shown to be included inextent 323, where each fragment 325 represents an atomic unit of readand/or write to the unified store. As with extent 323, each fragment 325is uniquely named using fragment-ID as obtained from the unifiedcatalog. Further, fragments 325 are protected from corruption by usingCRC checks (so that no wrong fragment may be read).

Now referring to FIG. 3C, in one embodiment, it illustrates fragment-ID341 including a combination of extent-ID 343 and fragment-number(“frag-num”) 345. As illustrated, for example, fragment-ID 341 may bemade of or spread over 160 bits or 20 bytes, extent-ID 343 includes aGUID of 128 bits, and frag-num 345 includes 32 bits. As aforementioned,the unified store, such as unified store 331 of FIG. 3A, may be used tostores these immutable fragments, such as fragments 325 of FIG. 3B,where once a fragment is assigned its contents, it does not get a newvalue and similarly, fragment-ID 341 may be consistently andindefinitely bound to the same data (until, for example, the data may bedeleted).

In some embodiments, extent 323 may be implemented and/or used in anynumber and type of ways, such as extent 323 may include a classic extent(e.g., Blobs in FileForce™, etc.) as, for example, 3 replicas on HDDs,etc., or as spaced optimized, such as 3 replicas at first and thenstored in the unified vault on the same datacenter and reduced to 2replicas of the data with a tertiary of the metadata. Further, extent323 may be used for high-performance logging, such as being placed on 3replicas in SSDs and acknowledged when written on 2 SSDs. Further,extent 323 may be used as a high-performance random read at first andthen as a normal extent, where extent 323 may be written to 3 HDD andSSD on a primary server and read from SSD cache, where any SSD failuresmay cause switching of primary and secondary roles and reclaim space inSSD cache if not a hot extent. Extent 323 may be used to work overmetadata of various extents/fragments in a slot, such as across 3replicas, and the tertiary may have metadata as opposed to data.

FIG. 3D illustrates a fragment composition 351 according to oneembodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, fragment composition 351includes fragment-ID 341 along with payload 353 and CRC 355. In oneembodiment, for a given fragment-ID, such as fragment-ID 341, itspayload 353 may not change as it may, indefinitely, remain the samewhich makes fragment payload 353 immutable, where fragment payload 353may be of a variable length, such as (without limitation) up to 1 MB.Further, in one embodiment, each writing process adds CRC 355 tofragment-ID 341 and its payload 353, where CRC 355 is checked by eachstore server of the unified store for both reads and writes and eachreading process checks CRC 355. This way, in one embodiment, any corruptdata is expected to be rejected by CRC 355, bad data may not be return,and any loss of data is prevented or protected against using multiplereplicas of data/metadata at various storage servers of the unifiedstore.

FIG. 3E illustrates redundancy correctness according to one embodiment.In one embodiment, redundancy check module 233 of FIG. 2 may be used toperform redundancy checks on fragments, such as fragments 325 of FIG.3B, to check for and verify fragment reads and writes associated withthe fragments. For example and in one embodiment, when a fragmentarrives to be written in an extent, its check is performed beforehandusing, for example, CRC as facilitated by redundancy check module 233 ofFIG. 2 and as a successful write is acknowledged, the replica isregarded as a good fragment which ensures that the application has, forexample, 3 good writes corresponding to the three replicas. Asaforementioned, embodiments are not limited to a particular number ofwrites or replicas, etc.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3E and in one embodiment, in writesystem 360, prior to or in the process of creating CRC 355 atapplication 361, application 361 sends write commands 365A-C to eachstorage server 363A-C of unified store 331 of FIG. 3A where replicas maybe generated and/or maintained. Upon receiving write commands 365A-C,CRCs 355A-C corresponding to CRC 355 are verified at each storage server363A-C and if the checks are successful, confirmations 367A-C arecommunicated back to application 361 which then proceeds with creatingCRC 355.

Similarly, in some embodiments, as a fragment is read from a disk orSSD, etc., its CRC is checked by the user to verify it being correct.For example and as illustrated in read system 370, in one embodiment,application 361 sends read commands, such as read command 375A, to eachstorage server, such as storage server 363A, of unified store 331 ofFIG. 3A where replicas may be generated and/or maintained. Uponreceiving read command 375A, one or more corresponding CRCs, such as CRC355A, is verified at storage server 363A and if the checks aresuccessful, confirmation 377A is communicated back to application 361which then proceeds with its tasks.

Further, for example, when a fragment is received by an application, itsCRC is checked and subsequently, the application may reject the fragmentfor any number of reasons, such as its fragment-ID mismatches with thefragment-ID that was requested, etc., and similarly, the application mayreject a fragment unless its CRC matches.

FIG. 3F illustrates management of data slots 383A-F at multiple servercomputers 381A-F according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, variousslots 383A-F may be placed and mapped at the unified store, such asunified store 331, and used to hold and maintain ranges of possibleextent-IDs as managed by the unified catalog, such as unified catalog313 of FIG. 3A. In one embodiment, placement and mapping logic 237 ofFIG. 2 may be used to facilitate the unified catalog to define, create,place, and map the various slots 383A-F at various server computers381A-F. For example, slot-maps may be created and assigned a number bythe unified catalog, as facilitated by placement and mapping logic 237of FIG. 2, where the number includes an epoch-number, etc. In oneembodiment, the unified catalog may be consistent and centralized, butthe epochs may move forward and further, the unified catalog may trackwhen each server computer 381A-F has received a new epoch and processedit. Further, churn and data movement may be planned by the centralizedunified catalog as facilitated by placement and mapping logic 237 ofFIG. 2. The data may be placed to bound mean-time-to-repair (“MTTP”)load on disks, network interfaces, and network switches.

FIG. 3G illustrates management of disks 391A-F at multiple servercomputers 381A-F to ensure repair of failures by rapidly creatingadditional replicas according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, atfirst, any transient behavior may provide services without the disk,where reads may go to the secondary or tertiary while writes may findanother disk to use as the third replica (e.g., Hinted-Handoff, etc.).In one embodiment, placement and mapping logic 237 of FIG. 2 may be usedto strategically place and map any number and type of disks 391A-Fholding data/metadata at multiple server computers 381A-F of the unifiedstore 305 of FIG. 3A. For example and in one embodiment, storage devicesor disks 391A-F may be strategically placed at server computers 381A-Fand mapped with each other such that in case of a failed disk, there maybe several replicas of the contents (e.g., data, metadata, etc.) of thefailed disk available elsewhere for efficient and timely recovery of anycontents that may be in danger of being lost due to the failure andthus, contents of disks 391A-F may be spread around for any number ofreasons, such as load-balancing, fast repair, etc. In the illustratedembodiment, disk 393A, 394A, 395A at server 381A are shown as beingfailed, but it is to be noted that, in one embodiment, their contentsare safely replicated and available at and capable of being recoveredfrom their corresponding replica disks 393B-C, 394B-C, 395B-C at otherservers 381E-F, 381C-D, 381A-B, respectively.

FIG. 4 illustrates a method 400 for facilitating dynamically unifiedsystem of record in a multi-tenant environment according to oneembodiment. Method 400 may be performed by processing logic that maycomprise hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic,etc.), software (such as instructions run on a processing device), or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, method 400 may be performed orfacilitated by unified mechanism 110 of FIGS. 1-2. The processes ofmethod 400 are illustrated in linear sequences for brevity and clarityin presentation; however, it is contemplated that any number of them canbe performed in parallel, asynchronously, or in different orders.Further, for brevity, clarity, and ease of understanding, many of thecomponents and processes described with respect to FIGS. 1-2 may not berepeated or discussed hereafter.

Method 400 may begin at block 405 with integration of subsystems thatare incompatible with and independent of each other into a unifiedsystem of records. As aforementioned, embodiments provide for theunified system to serve as a single system that qualifies as a systemwhere data is recorded and further, it incorporates and providessufficient safety and protection to be the singular unified system ofrecord. At block 410, in one embodiment, the unified system having thesubsystems is collectively managed using one or more of a unifiedcatalog, a unified store, a unified vault, and a unified pump. At block415, in one embodiment, any communication within and between thesubsystems of the unified system is seamlessly facilitated via extentsand their fragments.

At block 420, a request to add a new subsystem to the unified system isreceived. At block 425, the new subsystem is authenticated and verified.At block 430, the new subsystem is added to the unified system byintegrating it with the other subsystems of the unified system. It iscontemplated that in some embodiments, if the subsystem is incapable ofbeing authenticated or verified, the subsystem is rejected and notintegrated with the unified system. At block 435, the unified managementof and communication within the unified system is continuouslyperformed, where the unified system now includes the newly-addedsubsystem along with the originally existing subsystems.

FIG. 5 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine 500 in theexemplary form of a computer system, in accordance with one embodiment,within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine 500 toperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may beexecuted. Machine 500 is the same as or similar to computing devices120, 130A-N of FIG. 1. In alternative embodiments, the machine may beconnected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a network (such as hostmachine 120 connected with client machines 130A-N over network 135 ofFIG. 1), such as a cloud-based network, Internet of Things (IoT) orCloud of Things (CoT), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network(WAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a Personal Area Network (PAN),an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. The machine may operate inthe capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server networkenvironment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed)network environment or as a server or series of servers within anon-demand service environment, including an on-demand environmentproviding multi-tenant database storage services. Certain embodiments ofthe machine may be in the form of a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC,a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellulartelephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, switch orbridge, computing system, or any machine capable of executing a set ofinstructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be takenby that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated,the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection ofmachines (e.g., computers) that individually or jointly execute a set(or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The exemplary computer system 500 includes a processor 502, a mainmemory 504 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM(RDRAM), etc., static memory such as flash memory, static random accessmemory (SRAM), volatile but high-data rate RAM, etc.), and a secondarymemory 518 (e.g., a persistent storage device including hard disk drivesand persistent multi-tenant data base implementations), whichcommunicate with each other via a bus 530. Main memory 504 includesemitted execution data 524 (e.g., data emitted by a logging framework)and one or more trace preferences 523 which operate in conjunction withprocessing logic 526 and processor 502 to perform the methodologiesdiscussed herein.

Processor 502 represents one or more general-purpose processing devicessuch as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. Moreparticularly, the processor 502 may be a complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing(RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor,processor implementing other instruction sets, or processorsimplementing a combination of instruction sets. Processor 502 may alsobe one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array(FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or thelike. Processor 502 is configured to execute the processing logic 526for performing the operations and functionality of unified mechanism 110as described with reference to FIG. 1 other figures discussed herein.

The computer system 500 may further include a network interface card508. The computer system 500 also may include a user interface 510 (suchas a video display unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD), or a cathoderay tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), acursor control device 514 (e.g., a mouse), and a signal generationdevice 516 (e.g., an integrated speaker). The computer system 500 mayfurther include peripheral device 536 (e.g., wireless or wiredcommunication devices, memory devices, storage devices, audio processingdevices, video processing devices, etc. The computer system 500 mayfurther include a Hardware based API logging framework 534 capable ofexecuting incoming requests for services and emitting execution dataresponsive to the fulfillment of such incoming requests.

The secondary memory 518 may include a machine-readable storage medium(or more specifically a machine-accessible storage medium) 531 on whichis stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software 522)embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions of unifiedmechanism 110 as described with reference to FIG. 1, respectively, andother figures discussed herein. The software 522 may also reside,completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504 and/orwithin the processor 502 during execution thereof by the computer system500, the main memory 504 and the processor 502 also constitutingmachine-readable storage media. The software 522 may further betransmitted or received over a network 520 via the network interfacecard 508. The machine-readable storage medium 531 may include transitoryor non-transitory machine-readable storage media.

Portions of various embodiments may be provided as a computer programproduct, which may include a computer-readable medium having storedthereon computer program instructions, which may be used to program acomputer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according tothe embodiments. The machine-readable medium may include, but is notlimited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disk read-onlymemory (CD-ROM), and magneto-optical disks, ROM, RAM, erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically EPROM (EEPROM),magnet or optical cards, flash memory, or other type ofmedia/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronicinstructions.

The techniques shown in the figures can be implemented using code anddata stored and executed on one or more electronic devices (e.g., an endstation, a network element). Such electronic devices store andcommunicate (internally and/or with other electronic devices over anetwork) code and data using computer-readable media, such asnon-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks;optical disks; random access memory; read only memory; flash memorydevices; phase-change memory) and transitory computer-readabletransmission media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other formof propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digitalsignals). In addition, such electronic devices typically include a setof one or more processors coupled to one or more other components, suchas one or more storage devices (non-transitory machine-readable storagemedia), user input/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, a touchscreen,and/or a display), and network connections. The coupling of the set ofprocessors and other components is typically through one or more bussesand bridges (also termed as bus controllers). Thus, the storage deviceof a given electronic device typically stores code and/or data forexecution on the set of one or more processors of that electronicdevice. Of course, one or more parts of an embodiment may be implementedusing different combinations of software, firmware, and/or hardware.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an environment 610 wherein anon-demand database service might be used. Environment 610 may includeuser systems 612, network 614, system 616, processor system 617,application platform 618, network interface 620, tenant data storage622, system data storage 624, program code 626, and process space 628.In other embodiments, environment 610 may not have all of the componentslisted and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to,those listed above.

Environment 610 is an environment in which an on-demand database serviceexists. User system 612 may be any machine or system that is used by auser to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems612 can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptopcomputer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. Asillustrated in herein FIG. 6 (and in more detail in FIG. 7) user systems612 might interact via a network 614 with an on-demand database service,which is system 616.

An on-demand database service, such as system 616, is a database systemthat is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarilybe concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, butinstead may be available for their use when the users need the databasesystem (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand databaseservices may store information from one or more tenants stored intotables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system(MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service 616” and “system 616”will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one ormore database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) orthe equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information againstthe database object(s). Application platform 618 may be a framework thatallows the applications of system 616 to run, such as the hardwareand/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demanddatabase service 616 may include an application platform 618 thatenables creation, managing and executing one or more applicationsdeveloped by the provider of the on-demand database service, usersaccessing the on-demand database service via user systems 612, or thirdparty application developers accessing the on-demand database servicevia user systems 612.

The users of user systems 612 may differ in their respective capacities,and the capacity of a particular user system 612 might be entirelydetermined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. Forexample, where a salesperson is using a particular user system 612 tointeract with system 616, that user system has the capacities allottedto that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that usersystem to interact with system 616, that user system has the capacitiesallotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical rolemodel, users at one permission level may have access to applications,data, and database information accessible by a lower permission leveluser, but may not have access to certain applications, databaseinformation, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level.Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard toaccessing and modifying application and database information, dependingon a user's security or permission level.

Network 614 is any network or combination of networks of devices thatcommunicate with one another. For example, network 614 can be any one orany combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network),telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, starnetwork, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriateconfiguration. As the most common type of computer network in currentuse is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol)network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred toas the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in manyof the examples herein. However, it should be understood that thenetworks that one or more implementations might use are not so limited,although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol.

User systems 612 might communicate with system 616 using TCP/IP and, ata higher network level, use other common Internet protocols tocommunicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTPis used, user system 612 might include an HTTP client commonly referredto as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from anHTTP server at system 616. Such an HTTP server might be implemented asthe sole network interface between system 616 and network 614, but othertechniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations,the interface between system 616 and network 614 includes load sharingfunctionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balanceloads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality ofservers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, eachof the plurality of servers has access to the MTS' data; however, otheralternative configurations may be used instead.

In one embodiment, system 616, shown in FIG. 6, implements a web-basedcustomer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in oneembodiment, system 616 includes application servers configured toimplement and execute CRM software applications as well as providerelated data, code, forms, webpages and other information to and fromuser systems 612 and to store to, and retrieve from, a database systemrelated data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system,data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical databaseobject, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of onetenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that onetenant does not have access to another tenant's data, unless such datais expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system 616 implementsapplications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. Forexample, system 616 may provide tenant access to multiple hosted(standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application. User(or third party developer) applications, which may or may not includeCRM, may be supported by the application platform 618, which managescreation, storage of the applications into one or more database objectsand executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the processspace of the system 616.

One arrangement for elements of system 616 is shown in FIG. 6, includinga network interface 620, application platform 618, tenant data storage622 for tenant data 623, system data storage 624 for system data 625accessible to system 616 and possibly multiple tenants, program code 626for implementing various functions of system 616, and a process space628 for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes,such as running applications as part of an application hosting service.Additional processes that may execute on system 616 include databaseindexing processes.

Several elements in the system shown in FIG. 6 include conventional,well-known elements that are explained only briefly here. For example,each user system 612 could include a desktop personal computer,workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol(WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable ofinterfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other networkconnection. User system 612 typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., abrowsing program, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser,Netscape's Navigator browser, Opera's browser, or a WAP-enabled browserin the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like,allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system)of user system 612 to access, process and view information, pages andapplications available to it from system 616 over network 614. Usersystem 612 further includes Mobile OS (e.g., iOS® by Apple®, Android®,WebOS® by Palm®, etc.). Each user system 612 also typically includes oneor more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball,touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with agraphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display(e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages,forms, applications and other information provided by system 616 orother systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can beused to access data and applications hosted by system 616, and toperform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interactwith various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussedabove, embodiments are suitable for use with the Internet, which refersto a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should beunderstood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, suchas an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), anon-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like.

According to one embodiment, each user system 612 and all of itscomponents are operator configurable using applications, such as abrowser, including computer code run using a central processing unitsuch as an Intel Core® processor or the like. Similarly, system 616 (andadditional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and allof their components might be operator configurable using application(s)including computer code to run using a central processing unit such asprocessor system 617, which may include an Intel Pentium® processor orthe like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program productembodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) havinginstructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computerto perform any of the processes of the embodiments described herein.Computer code for operating and configuring system 616 tointercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other dataand media content as described herein are preferably downloaded andstored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof,may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory mediumor device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on anymedia capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotatingmedia including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk(DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, andmagnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs),or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/ordata. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may betransmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmissionmedium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is wellknown, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection asis well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communicationmedium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as arewell known. It will also be appreciated that computer code forimplementing embodiments can be implemented in any programming languagethat can be executed on a client system and/or server or server systemsuch as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™,JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, andmany other programming languages as are well known may be used. (Java™is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.).

According to one embodiment, each system 616 is configured to providewebpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client)systems 612 to support the access by user systems 612 as tenants ofsystem 616. As such, system 616 provides security mechanisms to keepeach tenant's data separate unless the data is shared. If more than oneMTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another(e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or theymay be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one ormore servers located in city A and one or more servers located in cityB). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/orphysically connected servers distributed locally or across one or moregeographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant toinclude a computer system, including processing hardware and processspace(s), and an associated storage system and database application(e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also beunderstood that “server system” and “server” are often usedinterchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described hereincan be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, acollection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online oroffline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include adistributed database or storage network and associated processingintelligence.

FIG. 7 also illustrates environment 610. However, in FIG. 7 elements ofsystem 616 and various interconnections in an embodiment are furtherillustrated. FIG. 7 shows that user system 612 may include processorsystem 612A, memory system 612B, input system 612C, and output system612D. FIG. 7 shows network 614 and system 616. FIG. 7 also shows thatsystem 616 may include tenant data storage 622, tenant data 623, systemdata storage 624, system data 625, User Interface (UI) 730, ApplicationProgram Interface (API) 732, PL/SOQL 734, save routines 736, applicationsetup mechanism 738, applications servers 700 ₁-700 _(N), system processspace 702, tenant process spaces 704, tenant management process space710, tenant storage area 712, user storage 714, and application metadata716. In other embodiments, environment 610 may not have the sameelements as those listed above and/or may have other elements insteadof, or in addition to, those listed above.

User system 612, network 614, system 616, tenant data storage 622, andsystem data storage 624 were discussed above in FIG. 6. Regarding usersystem 612, processor system 612A may be any combination of one or moreprocessors. Memory system 612B may be any combination of one or morememory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system 612Cmay be any combination of input devices, such as one or more keyboards,mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks.Output system 612D may be any combination of output devices, such as oneor more monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown byFIG. 7, system 616 may include a network interface 620 (of FIG. 6)implemented as a set of HTTP application servers 700, an applicationplatform 618, tenant data storage 622, and system data storage 624. Alsoshown is system process space 702, including individual tenant processspaces 704 and a tenant management process space 710. Each applicationserver 700 may be configured to tenant data storage 622 and the tenantdata 623 therein, and system data storage 624 and the system data 625therein to serve requests of user systems 612. The tenant data 623 mightbe divided into individual tenant storage areas 712, which can be eithera physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within eachtenant storage area 712, user storage 714 and application metadata 716might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of auser's most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage714. Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is atenant might be stored to tenant storage area 712. A UI 730 provides auser interface and an API 732 provides an application programmerinterface to system 616 resident processes to users and/or developers atuser systems 612. The tenant data and the system data may be stored invarious databases, such as one or more Oracle™ databases.

Application platform 618 includes an application setup mechanism 738that supports application developers' creation and management ofapplications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage622 by save routines 736 for execution by subscribers as one or moretenant process spaces 704 managed by tenant management process 710 forexample. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 734that provides a programming language style interface extension to API732. A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments isdiscussed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,478 entitled, “Methodand System for Allowing Access to Developed Applicants via aMulti-Tenant Database On-Demand Database Service”, issued Jun. 1, 2010to Craig Weissman, which is incorporated in its entirety herein for allpurposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or moresystem processes, which manage retrieving application metadata 716 forthe subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as anapplication in a virtual machine.

Each application server 700 may be communicably coupled to databasesystems, e.g., having access to system data 625 and tenant data 623, viaa different network connection. For example, one application server 700₁ might be coupled via the network 614 (e.g., the Internet), anotherapplication server 700 _(N-1) might be coupled via a direct networklink, and another application server 700 _(N) might be coupled by yet adifferent network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and InternetProtocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating betweenapplication servers 700 and the database system. However, it will beapparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may beused to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used.

In certain embodiments, each application server 700 is configured tohandle requests for any user associated with any organization that is atenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove applicationservers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there ispreferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to aspecific application server 700. In one embodiment, therefore, aninterface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the applicationservers 700 and the user systems 612 to distribute requests to theapplication servers 700. In one embodiment, the load balancer uses aleast connections algorithm to route user requests to the applicationservers 700. Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as roundrobin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, incertain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user couldhit three different application servers 700, and three requests fromdifferent users could hit the same application server 700. In thismanner, system 616 is multi-tenant, wherein system 616 handles storageof, and access to, different objects, data and applications acrossdisparate users and organizations.

As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs asales force where each salesperson uses system 616 to manage their salesprocess. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customerfollow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., allapplicable to that user's personal sales process (e.g., in tenant datastorage 622). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the dataand the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit,calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system havingnothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her salesefforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example,if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internetaccess in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as tothat customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby.

While each user's data might be separate from other users' dataregardless of the employers of each user, some data might beorganization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users orall of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, theremight be some data structures managed by system 616 that are allocatedat the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at theuser level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants includingpossible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keepdata, applications, and application use separate. Also, because manytenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their ownsystem, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions thatmay be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data andtenant specific data, system 616 might also maintain system level datausable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data mightinclude industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharableamong tenants.

In certain embodiments, user systems 612 (which may be client systems)communicate with application servers 700 to request and updatesystem-level and tenant-level data from system 616 that may requiresending one or more queries to tenant data storage 622 and/or systemdata storage 624. System 616 (e.g., an application server 700 in system616) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one ormore SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information.System data storage 624 may generate query plans to access the requesteddata from the database.

Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, suchas a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefinedcategories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may beused herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and customobjects. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be usedinterchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more datacategories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema.Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for eachcategory defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may includea table that describes a customer with fields for basic contactinformation such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc.Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields forinformation such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In somemulti-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be providedfor use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standardentities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, andOpportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should beunderstood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeablyherein with “object” and “table”.

In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to createand store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standardentities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standardobjects, including custom index fields. U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields ina Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated hereinby reference, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects aswell as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system.In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows arestored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may containmultiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customersthat their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table orthat their data may be stored in the same table as the data of othercustomers.

Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with oneanother in any combination. Embodiments encompassed within thisspecification may also include embodiments that are only partiallymentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all inthis brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments mayhave been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, whichmay be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in thespecification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of thesedeficiencies. In other words, different embodiments may addressdifferent deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Someembodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just onedeficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and someembodiments may not address any of these deficiencies.

While one or more implementations have been described by way of exampleand in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood thatone or more implementations are not limited to the disclosedembodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover variousmodifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims shouldbe accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all suchmodifications and similar arrangements. It is to be understood that theabove description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A database system-implemented method, comprising:integrating, by and incorporating into the database system, a pluralityof subsystems into a unified system of record (“unified system), whereineach subsystem is independent of and incompatible with other subsystemsof the plurality of subsystems; and collectively managing the pluralityof subsystems, wherein collectively managing includes facilitatingcommon communication within and between and uniform management of theplurality of subsystems based on common communication criteria andunified storage of data associated with the plurality of subsystems. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein collectively managing based on theunified storage comprises managing contents at a unified store includinga cluster of server computers coupled with a plurality of storage mediumto hold and maintain the contents and one or more replications of one ormore portions of the contents, wherein the contents include at least oneof data and metadata associated with the plurality of subsystems.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the plurality of storage medium arestrategically placed and mapped within the unified store to facilitateat least one of load balancing, load distribution, high availability,and rapid repair of damage caused by one or more failures at one or moreof the plurality of storage medium.
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinthe contents are maintained via the cluster of server computers at theunified store and wherein the plurality of subsystems are managed viafragments associated with extents obtained from a unified catalog. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein the plurality of subsystems are furthermanaged via the unified catalog, wherein the unified catalog tofacilitate generation of at least one of the extents and the fragments,wherein each extent of the extents contains one or more fragments of thefragments, wherein the unified catalog is further to manage the contentsand the one or more replications of the one or more portions of thecontents by performing at least one of copying of the contents or theone or more replications, migrating the contents or the one or morereplications, wherein the unified catalog is further to assign uniquenames to each of the extents and fragments based on a unique namingsystem.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein at least one of the contentsand the one or more replications is further managed via a unified vault,wherein the unified vault having one or more storage disks to retain oneor more deleted portions of the contents or the one or more replicationsfor a predetermined period of time.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein atleast one of the contents and the one or more replications is furthermanaged via a unified pump, wherein the unified pump to manage thecontents or the one or more replications by copying one or more of theextents within and across datacenters associated with the unified store,wherein copying of the one or more extents is directed by the unifiedcatalog.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing aresponse to a user of the unified system based receiving a first numberof writes that is fewer than a second number of writes, wherein thefirst number of writes is received and accepted and wherein the secondnumber of writes is issued and expected.
 9. A system comprising: aprocessor and a memory to execute instructions at the system; and amechanism to: integrate a plurality of subsystems into a unified systemof record (“unified system), wherein each subsystem is independent ofand incompatible with other subsystems of the plurality of subsystems;and collectively manage the plurality of subsystems, whereincollectively managing includes facilitating common communication withinand between and uniform management of the plurality of subsystems basedon common communication criteria and unified storage of data associatedwith the plurality of subsystems.
 10. The system of claim 9, whereincollectively managing based on the unified storage comprises managingcontents at a unified store including a cluster of server computerscoupled with a plurality of storage medium to hold and maintain thecontents and one or more replications of one or more portions of thecontents, wherein the contents include at least one of data and metadataassociated with the plurality of subsystems.
 11. The system of claim 10,wherein the plurality of storage medium are strategically placed andmapped within the unified store to facilitate at least one of loadbalancing, load distribution, high availability, and rapid repair ofdamage caused by one or more failures at one or more of the plurality ofstorage medium.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the contents aremaintained via the cluster of server computers at the unified store andwherein the plurality of subsystems are managed via fragments associatedwith extents obtained from a unified catalog.
 13. The system of claim12, wherein the plurality of subsystems are further managed via theunified catalog, wherein the unified catalog to facilitate generation ofat least one of the extents and the fragments, wherein each extent ofthe extents contains one or more fragments of the fragments, wherein theunified catalog is further to manage the contents and the one or morereplications of the one or more portions of the contents by performingat least one of copying of the contents or the one or more replications,migrating the contents or the one or more replications, wherein theunified catalog is further to assign unique names to each of the extentsand fragments based on a unique naming system.
 14. The system of claim13, wherein at least one of the contents and the one or morereplications is further managed via a unified vault, wherein the unifiedvault having one or more storage disks to retain one or more deletedportions of the contents or the one or more replications for apredetermined period of time.
 15. The system of claim 9, wherein atleast one of the contents and the one or more replications is furthermanaged via a unified pump, wherein the unified pump to manage thecontents or the one or more replications by copying one or more of theextents within and across datacenters associated with the unified store,wherein copying of the one or more extents is directed by the unifiedcatalog.
 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the mechanism is further toprovide a response to a user of the unified system based receiving afirst number of writes that is fewer than a second number of writes,wherein the first number of writes is received and accepted and whereinthe second number of writes is issued and expected.
 17. Amachine-readable medium comprising a plurality of instructions which,when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device toperform one or more operations comprising: integrating a plurality ofsubsystems into a unified system of record (“unified system), whereineach subsystem is independent of and incompatible with other subsystemsof the plurality of subsystems; and collectively managing the pluralityof subsystems, wherein collectively managing includes facilitatingcommon communication within and between and uniform management of theplurality of subsystems based on common communication criteria andunified storage of data associated with the plurality of subsystems. 18.The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein collectively managingbased on the unified storage comprises managing contents at a unifiedstore including a cluster of server computers coupled with a pluralityof storage medium to hold and maintain the contents and one or morereplications of one or more portions of the contents, wherein thecontents include at least one of data and metadata associated with theplurality of subsystems.
 19. The machine-readable medium of claim 17,wherein the plurality of storage medium are strategically placed andmapped within the unified store to facilitate at least one of loadbalancing, load distribution, high availability, and rapid repair ofdamage caused by one or more failures at one or more of the plurality ofstorage medium.
 20. The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein thecontents are maintained via the cluster of server computers at theunified store and wherein the plurality of subsystems are managed viafragments associated with extents obtained from a unified catalog. 21.The machine-readable medium of claim 20, wherein the plurality ofsubsystems are further managed via the unified catalog, wherein theunified catalog to facilitate generation of at least one of the extentsand the fragments, wherein each extent of the extents contains one ormore fragments of the fragments, wherein the unified catalog is furtherto manage the contents and the one or more replications of the one ormore portions of the contents by performing at least one of copying ofthe contents or the one or more replications, migrating the contents orthe one or more replications, wherein the unified catalog is further toassign unique names to each of the extents and fragments based on aunique naming system.
 22. The machine-readable medium of claim 17,wherein at least one of the contents and the one or more replications isfurther managed via a unified vault, wherein the unified vault havingone or more storage disks to retain one or more deleted portions of thecontents or the one or more replications for a predetermined period oftime.
 23. The machine-readable medium of claim 22, wherein at least oneof the contents and the one or more replications is further managed viaa unified pump, wherein the unified pump to manage the contents or theone or more replications by copying one or more of the extents withinand across datacenters associated with the unified store, whereincopying of the one or more extents is directed by the unified catalog.24. The machine-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the one or moreoperations comprise providing a response to a user of the unified systembased receiving a first number of writes that is fewer than a secondnumber of writes, wherein the first number of writes is received andaccepted and wherein the second number of writes is issued and expected.